Roger II's Unification of Sicily

Timeline

1. 1121–1122Palermo · SicilyAfter succeeding his father as Count of Sicily in 1105, Roger II reorganized the island's administrative and military systems in the early 1120s, repelled opposition forces backed by the papacy, and won victories at Nocera and elsewhere, securing his control over Sicily itself.
2. 1127Apulia · ApuliaAfter the death of Duke William II in 1127, Roger II annexed the Duchies of Apulia and Calabria by right of inheritance and by force, bringing the Norman territories at the southern tip of the Italian peninsula under his personal rule and achieving a decisive breakthrough in the unification process.
3. 1129Benevento · CampaniaIn 1129 Roger II met Pope Honorius II at Benevento and reached an agreement; the papacy recognized his rule over the territories of southern Italy, clearing away religious and legal obstacles to his formal coronation as King of Sicily the following year.