Boniface VIII Issues the Bull Unam Sanctam (1302)

Timeline

1. 1302Rome · LazioBoniface VIII confronted Philip IV over taxation of clergy, jurisdiction over bishops, and the pope's authority to judge kings, following clashes that included the 1302 bull Ausculta fili directed at the French crown.
2. 1302Rome · LazioBoniface VIII issued Unam Sanctam, affirming the unity of the Church under the pope and stating that every human being is subject to Roman pontifical authority for eternal salvation, the boldest medieval formulation of papal supremacy.
3. 1302Paris · Île-de-FrancePhilip IV and French clergy condemned the bull; the dispute escalated toward the 1303 confrontation at Anagni and later the Avignon papacy, while Unam Sanctam remained a touchstone in medieval and early modern debates on church and state.