Mongol Siege of Luoyang

Timeline

1. 1243Luoyang · HenanAfter the destruction of the Jin, the Mongols turned their forces toward the Southern Song. Luoyang controlled the westward route through the Central Plains, and the Song maintained a stronghold there to block the Mongols from entering the Heluo heartland. In 1243 Mongol forces from various routes assembled, exerting military pressure on Luoyang and nearby towns and forts.
2. 1243Luoyang · HenanThe Mongols besieged Luoyang, pressing the defenses with mounted archery and siege engines. The Southern Song garrison resisted stubbornly behind the city walls and along supply routes for reinforcements; the two sides repeatedly contested positions and grain routes outside the city, and the battle fell into a stalemate.
3. 1243Heluo Corridor · HenanThe siege of Luoyang fluctuated with the seasons and the situation of reinforcements; the Mongols failed to take the city quickly, but the Song defense line in Henan remained under sustained pressure. Coordinated with contemporaneous operations in the Jinghu and Sichuan theaters, this battle became an important link in the northern front of the all-out Song-Mongol war of the 1240s.