Kong Youde's Defection to the Qing

Timeline

1. 1631Wuqiao · HebeiIn the winter of 1631, Kong Youde's Ming troops, en route to Liaodong, passed through Wuqiao in Hebei, where lax discipline and plundering of civilians sparked a mutiny. Kong openly rebelled against the Ming and turned to raiding prefectures and counties in Shandong, opening the rebellion.
2. 1632Dengzhou (Penglai) · ShandongKong Youde's rebel forces besieged Dengzhou in Shandong for months and captured the city in 1632. The city held red barbarian cannons the Ming had purchased from Portugal and craftsmen who knew how to cast them, all seized by Kong as his core bargaining chip for offering tribute to Later Jin.
3. 1633Shengjing (Shenyang) · LiaodongIn 1633, Kong Youde, together with Geng Zhongming and others, crossed the sea to Liaodong with his followers, the red barbarian cannons, and casting craftsmen, submitting to Later Jin. Hong Taiji personally came out of the city to receive them with the rites due the Son of Heaven, appointing Kong Youde as commander-in-chief and organizing his troops as the Han Banners, greatly enhancing Later Jin's cannon-casting and siege capabilities.