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Aftermath of Henry IV's Penance at Canossa

Type Event Region Germany Time 1091–1099

After his 1077 penance in the snow at Canossa, Henry IV faced crises in the 1090s: lingering excommunication, ongoing Saxon resistance, and his son H…

Timeline

  1. 1091–1092Germany · GermanyAlthough Pope Gregory VII absolved Henry IV at Canossa in 1077, imperial authority was badly damaged; princes in Saxony and Swabia expanded their autonomy, and the emperor's control over Germany steadily weakened.
  2. 1093–1095Regensburg · BavariaIn 1093 Henry V openly rebelled against his father at the princes' urging; Pope Urban II supported him and again excommunicated Henry IV. Between 1095 and 1096 the emperor besieged Regensburg, forcing his son to surrender.
  3. 1098–1099Aachen · North Rhine-WestphaliaIn 1098 father and son reconciled near Cologne, and Henry IV agreed to joint rule with Henry V. In 1099 Henry V was crowned co-king at Aachen; the post-Canossa imperial division was temporarily eased, but the fundamental conflict remained unresolved.

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