Mamluk Sultanate Rule over Egypt

Timeline

1. 1451–1453Cairo · EgyptIn his final years, Sultan al-Zahir Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq continued to govern Egypt with the military slave elite at the core, strengthening control over the Syrian province and Red Sea ports, and maintaining complex diplomatic relations with the Ottomans and European powers.
2. 1453–1455Cairo · EgyptAfter Jaqmaq's death, al-Mansur Ibrahim and al-Ashraf Inal succeeded one another; the Mamluk military factions completed the transfer of power through court negotiation, avoiding large-scale civil war and keeping the regime structure stable.
3. 1455–1460Cairo · EgyptBy around 1460, the Mamluk Sultanate's control of the Mecca–Medina pilgrimage routes and Indian Ocean–Mediterranean transshipment trade kept Cairo prosperous. Religious institutions such as al-Azhar continued their scholarly influence, consolidating the Mamluks' status as an important center of the Islamic world.