Frontier Polities of Burma

Timeline

1. 1026Bagan region · BurmaThe Bagan city-state and settlements of Pyu remnants controlled farmland and salt-and-iron trade nodes along the middle river, forming loose alliances with surrounding settlements; centralization was limited, and Buddhist monasteries served as centers of local social integration.
2. 1026Shan Plateau and the Mon south · BurmaEastern Shan chieftains held mountain passes with intermittent contact with the Dali Kingdom; southern Mon city-states controlled trade routes to the Andaman Sea. War and intermarriage coexisted among the polities, forming a multi-centered frontier political landscape.