Timurid siege artillery

Timeline

1. c. 1383–1390Isfahan · PersiaDuring his conquest of Persia, Timur integrated catapults, siege towers, and early artillery, capturing craftsmen and forming mobile siege corps, laying the technical foundation for later large-scale expeditions to India and Syria.
2. 1398–1399Delhi · IndiaOn his Indian expedition Timur besieged Delhi, deploying large numbers of catapults and artillery in continuous bombardment of the walls; sources record heavy engines such as a giant trebuchet 'dragged by seventy elephants,' and the sack of the city shocked South Asia.
3. 1400–1401Damascus · SyriaIn 1400 Timur besieged Mamluk-held Damascus, breaching the defenses after more than thirty days of dense artillery and stone bombardment, demonstrating the devastating effectiveness of his siege artillery in West Asia and marking the apex of Timurid military expansion.