European Brass Casting Technology

Timeline

1. c. 1431–1433Nuremberg · NurembergNuremberg metalworkers used the crucible method to control the alloy ratio of zinc vapor to copper, producing brass ingots of uniform color and good castability for subsequent pouring.
2. c. 1434–1436Liège · LiègeWorkshops in the Meuse River valley used wax models to form cores, coated them with a refractory clay shell, melted out the wax, and poured in molten brass to cast openwork candlesticks and church ornaments.
3. c. 1437–1439Venice · VeniceWorkshops around the Venetian Arsenal used sand casting to produce brass gears, bearings, and marine fittings, meeting the city's shipbuilding and mechanical demand for wear-resistant alloy parts.
4. c. 1440Europe · EuropeMetalworkers' guilds established standards for alloy quality and inspection of castings; brass goods were shipped along Rhine and Mediterranean trade routes, and the technology spread with the movement of craftsmen.