Aq Qoyunlu Expansion and Confrontation

Timeline

1. 1391–1394Diyarbakir · AnatoliaQara Yuluk Osman was active as leader of the eastern Anatolian Turkmen tribal confederation, with summer pastures mostly in the Armenian highlands and winter in the Diyarbakir–Sivas area; Amida (Diyarbakir) had not yet been formally granted by Timur as a secure seat.
2. 1395–1398East of Lake Van · AnatoliaThe two great Turkmen confederations, Aq and Kara, repeatedly fought along the line from Lake Van to Lake Urmia, contesting pastures, trade routes, and vassal city-states. Both sought to exploit the power vacuum created by Timur's campaigns.
3. 1398–1400Erzurum · AnatoliaAround 1399–1400 Qara Yuluk Osman submitted to Timur, subsequently taking part in actions such as the Battle of Ankara (1402); Timur thereby confirmed his leadership of the confederation and granted him Amida. Late in the 1390s he was still on the throne and had not transferred power to his sons.