Treaty of Jaffa

Timeline

1. 1228–1229Jaffa · PalestineFrederick II set out from Acre and held multiple rounds of negotiations with Egyptian Sultan al-Kamil and his envoys around Jaffa. The two sides weighed military pressure against political interests, discussing core terms such as the ownership of Jerusalem, a ten-year truce, and pilgrimage rights, avoiding a major pitched battle.
2. 1229Tell al-Ajul · PalestineOn February 18, 1229, the two sides formally signed the Treaty of Jaffa. The treaty provided that Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and the connecting corridor would be temporarily transferred to the crusaders for ten years, that Muslims would retain religious sovereignty over the Temple Mount and the Dome of the Rock, and that both sides would guarantee the safety of trade routes and pilgrims.
3. 1229Jerusalem · JerusalemAfter signing, the treaty spread quickly through the Holy Land. Some crusader nobles welcomed the prospect of recovering the Holy City, while the Teutonic Knights and the clergy questioned the legitimacy of compromising with Muslims; the papacy reacted with mixed feelings to the achievements of Frederick, who remained under excommunication, laying the groundwork for subsequent coronation and political controversies.