Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar

Timeline

1. 1299Syria · SyriaGhazan led the Ilkhanate's great army eastward from Mesopotamia, broke through the Euphrates line, captured Aleppo and other places and advanced toward Damascus; the Mamluk Sultanate faced its most serious Mongol invasion threat since the time of Kublai Khan.
2. 1299Wadi al-Khazandar · Homs GovernorateMamluk Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad led his army to meet the enemy north of Homs. The two sides fought for two days with cavalry charges, archery and feigned retreats. The Mamluks ultimately forced the Mongols to withdraw, but their own elite suffered heavy losses, including several emirs killed.
3. 1299–1300Syria · SyriaAlthough Ghazan's army withdrew from the battlefield, it caused severe damage to Syrian towns and farmland during its retreat. The battle produced no strategic decision but prompted both sides to seek a truce the following year, entering a phase of détente in the long Ilkhanate–Mamluk confrontation.