Papal Election Reform of Nicholas II in 1059 (In nomine Domini)

Timeline

1. 1059Lateran Palace · LazioIn April 1059, Pope Nicholas II convened a synod at the Lateran Palace to discuss papal election procedures and church discipline, laying the groundwork for subsequent reforms.
2. 1059Lateran Palace · LazioThe synod adopted In nomine Domini, stipulating that the pope be elected by the cardinal bishops, restricting intervention by the emperor and the Roman populace, and establishing the central role of the College of Cardinals in papal elections.
3. 1059–1060Rome · LazioThe 1059 election reform was gradually implemented, weakening secular control over papal elections and establishing a framework for the later papal election system, with influence lasting into modern times.