Ilkhanate

Timeline

1. 1256–1265Persia–Mesopotamia · IraqHulegu, on Möngke Khan's orders, campaigned westward, destroying the Assassins and the Abbasid Caliphate, and established the Ilkhanate in Persia with Mongol-style rule of appanage princes, collection of the darig tax, and a postal relay system.
2. 1260–1280Syrian frontier · SyriaAfter the defeat at Ain Jalut, the Ilkhanate's westward advance was checked; it faced a long stalemate with the Mamluk Sultanate on the Syria–Anatolia frontier, fell out with the Golden Horde, and sought alliances with European Christian powers diplomatically.
3. 1295–1304Tabriz · IranGhazan Khan announced his conversion to Islam, abolished persecution policies, carried out currency reform and Persianization of the administration, and sponsored the compilation of the Jami' al-Tawarikh and the construction of an observatory, marking the khanate's transformation from a nomadic military regime into an Islamic-Persian state.
4. c. 1317–1335Across Persia · IranAfter Abu Sa'id died without a recognized heir, princes carved up the realm, and successor states such as the Jalayirids and Chobanids emerged; the Ilkhanate as a unified political entity ended in 1335, and western Asia entered a post-Mongol era of fragmentation.