Mongol Greek Fire Incendiary Weapons

Timeline

1. c. 1235–1240North China · Northern ChinaDuring the Mongol conquest of Jin, Song and Jin firearms artisans and oil-well extraction techniques were captured; Greek fire and other West Asian incendiary formulas were integrated and assigned to dedicated incendiary units.
2. 1240Kiev · UkraineWhen Batu's army besieged Kiev, incendiary projectiles were combined with trebuchet bombardment; Greek fire ignited wooden buildings and gate structures, and the combined use of fire and stone projectiles hastened the city's fall.
3. 1241–1250Eastern Europe and the Jianghuai region · East AsiaBetween 1241 and 1250, Mongol forces continuously used Greek fire incendiary weapons in sieges in Poland and Hungary and in border conflicts with the Southern Song; incendiary warfare became one of the standard stages of siege procedure.