Mongol Siege of Zhongdu (1213–1215)

Timeline

1. 1213Juyong Pass · Changping DistrictThe Mongols invaded from the north, breaking through the Jin's northern defenses in succession; passes such as Juyong Pass fell one after another, and the Mongol advance pointed directly at Zhongdu.
2. 1214Zhongdu · Beijing MunicipalityThe Mongols besieged Zhongdu while the Jin army organized counterattacks and relief efforts at Tongzhou and other places around Zhongdu; the two sides fought back and forth, and the siege continued.
3. 1215Zhongdu · Beijing MunicipalityBy 1215, Zhongdu had run out of food and outside relief was cut off, and the defenders' morale was low. The Mongols intensified their assault on the city, and the Jin's garrison forces were powerless to reverse the situation.