Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba

Type Figure Region Spain Time 1507–1582 Also known as Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba、Duke of Alba、阿尔瓦公爵

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo (1507–1582), Duke of Alba, one of the harshest and most experienced military commanders and statesmen of Habsburg Spain.…

Timeline

1567–1570Brussels · BrabantAppointed by Philip II, he arrived in the Low Countries, established the Council of Troubles to try heretics and rebels, deployed Spanish troops and levied new taxes (such as the tithe), suppressing Calvinist and noble opposition through military and judicial pressure.
1568–1570Flanders · FlandersIn Flanders and elsewhere he commanded royal forces in pursuit of rebel leaders such as William of Orange; though he won several battles, his repressive policies intensified local resistance, laying the groundwork for the later Eighty Years' War.

The Duke of Alba — Henry Kamen (2004)
Encyclopaedia Britannica: Fernando Álvarez de Toledo https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fernando-Alvarez-de-Toledo-y-Pimentel-duke-of-Alba