Mongol Campaigns in Syria

Timeline

1. 1277Euphrates crossing · Syrian frontierAfter Baybars' death, Abaqa ordered generals to lead a combined Mongol, Georgian, and Armenian force south from Anatolia, breaking through parts of the frontier defenses and advancing into inland Syria.
2. 1277–1278Homs · SyriaMamluk forces organized defenses from Homs to the Lebanese mountains, repelling the Mongol vanguard and recovering several positions; the expedition failed to achieve its strategic goal of capturing Damascus.
3. 1278–1279Damascus · SyriaMongol forces withdrew to Anatolia due to supply and seasonal factors, while the Mamluks consolidated the Syrian defensive line; no Ilkhan southward campaign of comparable scale occurred again within the 1270s.